Gender and treatment for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review
João L. Carapinha, Dennis Ross-Degnan, Paul Ashigbie, Catherine Vialle-Valentin, Anita K. Wagner
PubMed Search Terms
#1 Medicines
((“drugs, generic” or “prescriptions, drug” or (pharmaceutical preparations) or drug utilization or pharmacoepidemiology or pharmacoeconomic* or prescribing[ti] or medicines[ti] or self-medication[ti] or [...]
Gender and treatment for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review
João L. Carapinha, Dennis Ross-Degnan, Paul Ashigbie, Catherine Vialle-Valentin, Anita K. Wagner
PubMed Search Terms
#1 Medicines
((“drugs, generic” or “prescriptions, drug” or (pharmaceutical preparations) or drug utilization or pharmacoepidemiology or pharmacoeconomic* or prescribing[ti] or medicines[ti] or self-medication[ti] or self medication[ti] or “drug safety”[ti] or prescription fees or drugs, non-prescription or drug costs or drug information service[ti] or antibiotic or antiretroviral or ARV or antimicrobial or antimalarial or anti-malarial or “rational drug use” or (rational use[tw] and (medicine[tw] or medicines[tw] or drug[tw] or pharmaceutical[tw] or medication[tw]))) NOT (ah[sh] or ai[sh] or bi[sh] or bl[sh] or bs[sh] or cf[sh] or cs[sh] or ch[sh] or ci[sh] or cy[sh] or em[sh] or en[sh] or im[sh] or ir[sh] or ip[sh] or me[sh] or re[sh] or se[sh] or ul[sh] or ur[sh] or us[sh] or ve[sh]))
#2 Medicines Policies and Systems
(((Drug utilization and guideline adherence) or (pharmaceutical*[ti] and (advertising[ti] or promotion[ti] or marketing[ti])) or pharmaceutical care[ti] or dispensing[ti] or prescri*[ti] or formulary[ti] or formularies or “medication use”[ti] or (“drug use”[ti] not (narcotic or alcohol or illicit or drug abuse or substance-related disorders[mh]))) and (((policy[ti] or policies[ti]) not narcotic) or implement*[ti] or dissem*[ti] or improv*[ti] or chang*[ti] or interven*[ti] or optim*[ti] or influenc*[ti] or impact*[ti] or effect*[ti] or reduc*[ti] or increas*[ti] or modify*[ti] or adherence[ti] or nonadherence[ti] or “before and after”[ti])) or (attitude of health personnel and prescriptions, drug) or ((“persuasive communication” or “educational outreach”) and (“prescribing” or prescriber* or prescription* or pharmaci* or pharmac* or pharmaceutic*)) or (“academic detailing” or “drug detailing” or “counterdetailing” or “counter-detailing” or “detailers”) or (“educational outreach” and (prescribing or prescription*)) or (“drug donation” or “drug donations” or “pharmaceutical management”[tw] or “drug procurement” or “pharmaceutical procurement”) or (drug fund[tw] or ((drug[tw] or medicine[tw]) and revolving fund*) or (“bamako initiative”)) or ((“medicines policy”[ti] or “pharmaceutical policy”[ti] or “drug policy”[ti]) not (addict* or narcotic)) or (essential medicines[ti] or essential drugs[ti] or preferred drug[ti] or pharmaceutical benefits[ti] or pharmaceutical policy[ti]) or (“prescribing indicators”[ti]) or (rational drug use[ti] or “rational pharmacotherapy”[ti] or “medicine taking”[ti] or “dispensing errors”[ti] or “prescribing errors”[ti] or “generic substitution”[ti] or “pharmacy intervention”[ti] or “injection safety” or “injection use” or ((rational use[ti] or irrational use[ti] or appropriate use[ti] or inappropriate use[ti]) and (drugs [ti] or medicines[ti]))) or ((antibiotic use[ti] or antimicrobial use[ti] or antibiotic utilization[ti] or antimicrobial utilization[ti] or antibiotic utilisation[ti] or (malaria*[ti] and drug*[ti] and (use[ti] or utilization[ti] or utilization[ti]))) and ((reduc*[ti] or improv*[ti] or interven*[ti] or optimiz*[ti] or changing[ti] or changes[ti]) or intervention)) or ((antibiotic or antimicrobial or malaria or tuberculosis) and (intervention or controlled trial) and ((prescribing[ti] or reduc*[ti] or improv*[ti] or interven*[ti] or optimi*[ti] or chang*[ti] or guideline*[ti] or effectiveness[ti]) and (clinical guideline or prescribing or quality of care or drug utilization or compliance or adherence or professional competence) or education))
#1 OR #2 to create subset #3, i.e. all research related to medicines with an explicit inclusion of “antibiotic or antiretroviral or ARV or antimicrobial or antimalarial or anti-malarial” as a way to include medicines related to HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria.
#4 Action Titles
((disseminat*[ti] or implement*[ti] or evaluat*[ti] or influenc*[ti] or adherence[ti] or nonadherence[ti] or compliance[ti]) and (guideline[ti] or guidelines[ti] or innova* [ti] or improv*[ti])) or ((efficac*[ti] or assess*[ti] or result[ti] or results[ti] or impact[ti] or impacts[ti] or impacting[ti] or effect*[ti] or evaluat*[ti] or measur*[ti] or fail*[ti]) and (intervention[ti] or interventions[ti] or policy[ti] or policies[ti] or program*[ti] or guideline[ti] or guidelines[ti] or experiment[ti] or experiments[ti] or experimental[ti] or practice*[ti])) or ((decrease[ti] or decreases[ti] or decreasing[ti] or reduce[ti] or reduc*[ti] or increase[ti] or increasing[ti] or controlling[ti] or facilitat*[ti] or shift[ti] or collaborat*[ti]) and (error[ti] or errors[ti] or irrational[ti] or inappropriate[ti])) or ((monitoring[ti] or auditing[ti] or “audit and feedback”[ti] or changing[ti] or chang*[ti] or improv*[ti] or increas*[ti] or optimi*[ti]) and (use[ti] or knowledge[ti] or practice[ti] or practices[ti] or behavior[ti] or behav*[ti] or compliance[ti] or comply[ti] or non compliance[ti] or adherence[ti] or nonadherence[ti] or management[ti] or treatment[ti] or safety[ti] or quality[ti] or implement*[ti])) or self-medication[ti] or health seeking[ti]
#3 AND #4 to create subset #5, i.e. all medicines research that point to interventions and thus empirical research (experimental and quasi-experimental (cohort studies, case-control studies, etc.)
#6 Specific Disease Areas – HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria
(*malaria*[ti] or tuberculosis[ti] or TB[ti] or HIV[ti] or human immunodeficiency virus[ti] or *malaria* or tuberculosis or TB or HIV or human immunodeficiency virus)
#5 AND #6 to create subset #7, i.e. all medicines research that point to intervention research about HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria studies. This subset contains abstracts with and without gender explicitly mentioned in the abstract.
#8 Gender
(men[MeSH Terms] OR women[MeSH Terms]) OR gender OR sex[MeSH Terms] OR sex factors[MeSH Terms] OR sex characteristics[MeSH Terms] OR sex differences OR men OR man OR male OR women OR woman OR female OR sex OR sex factors OR sex characteristics
#5 AND #6 AND #7 to create subset #9, i.e. all medicines research that point to intervention research constrained to HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria studies that include a gender dimension.
#10 Exclusions
historical article[pt] or editorial[pt] or news[pt] or letter[pt] or comment[pt] or biography[pt] or festschrift[pt] or interview[pt] or letter[pt] or news[ti] or biography[ti] or newspaper article[pt] or opinion[ti] or in vitro or tolerability or outbreak or pathogenesis or etiology or aetiology or neutropenia or antineoplastic or single-blind or double-blind or drug evaluation or therapeutic equivalency or bioequivalence or synthesis or cell or plant or transplant or clone or immunology or microbiology or metabolism or pharmacokinetics or toxicity or biosynthesis or chemistry or pharmacognosy or biotechnology or cytology or embryology or genetics or bacteremia or neutropenia or vaccination or congenital or genetic or neutrophils or phagocytosis or susceptibility or drugs, Chinese or illicit or methadone or heroin or narcotic or “anatomy and histology”[sh] or “animals”[mh] or radio*[mh]
#9 NOT #10 to create subset #11, i.e. excluding material that relates to interventions not of interest such as clinical trials, animal and plant studies, and excluding material not considered empirical research such as newspapers, letter to the editor, editorial, etc. This is performed on search #7 that contains articles with and without gender explicitly mentioned in the abstract.
#12 Developing Countries
Afghanistan OR Albania OR Algeria OR Andorra OR Angola OR Antigua and Barbuda OR Argentina OR Armenia OR Aruba OR Azerbaijan OR Bahrain OR Bangladesh OR Barbados OR Belarus OR Belize OR Benin OR Bhutan OR Bolivia OR Bosnia and Herzegovina OR Botswana OR Brazil OR Bulgaria OR Burkina Faso OR Burundi OR Cambodia OR Cameroon OR Cape Verde OR Cayman Islands OR Central African Republic OR Chad OR Chile OR China OR Colombia OR Comoros OR Congo, Dem. Rep. OR Congo, Rep. OR Costa Rica OR Côte d’Ivoire OR Croatia OR Cuba OR Czech Republic OR Djibouti OR Dominica OR Dominican Republic OR Ecuador OR Egypt OR El Salvador OR Equatorial Guinea OR Eritrea OR Estonia OR Ethiopia OR Fiji OR Gabon OR Gambia OR Georgia OR Ghana OR Gibraltar OR Greece OR Grenada OR Guatemala OR Guinea OR Guinea-Bissau OR Guyana OR Haiti OR Honduras OR Hungary OR India OR Indonesia OR Iran OR Iraq OR Jamaica OR Jordan OR Kazakhstan OR Kenya OR Kiribati OR Korea OR Kosovo OR Kyrgyz Republic OR Lao PDR OR Latvia OR Lebanon OR Lesotho OR Liberia OR Libya OR Lithuania OR Macao OR Macedonia OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Malaysia OR Maldives OR Mali OR Malta OR Marshall Islands OR Mauritania OR Mauritius OR Mayotte OR Mexico OR Micronesia OR Moldova OR Mongolia OR Montenegro OR Morocco OR Mozambique OR Myanmar OR Namibia OR Nepal OR Netherlands Antilles OR New Caledonia OR Nicaragua OR Niger OR Nigeria OR Northern Mariana Islands OR Oman OR Pakistan OR Palau OR Panama OR Papua New Guinea OR Paraguay OR Peru OR Philippines OR Poland OR Puerto Rico OR Romania OR Russia OR Rwanda OR Samoa OR San Marino OR São Tomé and Principe OR Saudi Arabia OR Senegal OR Serbia OR Seychelles OR Sierra Leone OR Slovak Republic OR Slovenia OR Solomon Islands OR Somalia OR South Africa OR Sri Lanka OR St. Kitts and Nevis OR St. Lucia OR St. Vincent and the Grenadines OR Sudan OR Suriname OR Swaziland OR Syrian Arab Republic OR Tajikistan OR Tanzania OR Thailand OR Timor-Leste OR Togo OR Tonga OR Trinidad and Tobago OR Tunisia OR Turkey OR Turkmenistan OR Tuvalu OR Uganda OR Ukraine OR Uruguay OR Uzbekistan OR Vanuatu OR Venezuela OR Vietnam OR West Bank and Gaza OR Yemen OR Zambia OR Zimbabwe
#11 AND #12 to create subset #13, i.e. all medicines research in low and middle-income countries that point to intervention research constrained to HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria studies including all gender specific articles.
Analogous search terms were used for JStor, ISI Web of Science, the International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) Bibliography, the disease-specific INRUD ART Adherence Bibliography, and the WHO Database on Medicines Use in Primary Care in Developing and Transitional Countries.
Carapinha, J. (2008) Private pharmacies in an integrated approach to HIV/AIDS services. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2008 December; 5(4): 206-209.
Carapinha, J. (2008) Private pharmacies in an integrated approach to HIV/AIDS services. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2008 December; 5(4): 206-209.
The South African National AIDS Council emphasises that success in tackling HIV/AIDS depends on leadership at every level of society, as well as mobilisation and co-operation in all sectors including government, health care workers and civil society (SANAC, 2006). This may be an acknowledgement that South Africa’s response to HIV/AIDS has been inadequate to effectively control the epidemic. It points to insufficient dialogue between the government and the private sector, and among health care workers in general. In particular, there has been inadequate attention given to the importance of private pharmacies in an integrated approach to HIV/AIDS services.
In 2006, Member States of the United Nations (which include South Africa) completed a political declaration on HIV/AIDS. In it the commitment was made that efforts would continue to scale-up nationally driven, sustainable and comprehensive responses to achieve broad multisectoral coverage of HIV/AIDS services (UNAIDS, 2006). The Brazzaville Commitment concluded by African states also calls for innovative ways
to mobilise resources for AIDS. These processes depend on building an integrated approach, with the involvement of HIVpositive people, civil society and the private sector. There is therefore a need to investigate the role of private pharmacies in the delivery of HIV/AIDS services. This paper explores this need with the aim of building an integrated approach to meet the challenge of providing HIV and AIDS prevention, care and treatment services.
This article explores the need for an integrated approach that includes private pharmacies to meet the growing demand for HIV and AIDS prevention, care, and treatment services in South Africa.
This article explores the need for an integrated approach that includes private pharmacies to meet the growing demand for HIV and AIDS prevention, care, and treatment services in South Africa. The state of the epidemic is presented as are policy recommendations for an integrated approach. Five themes are discussed: public-private partnerships, HIV/AIDS resource centers in pharmacies, antiretroviral therapy, task shifting and task sharing, and interprofessional obstacles. The article concludes by providing policy recommendations for further research to facilitate partnerships and encourage greater research in this field. It also highlights the need for patient-centered partnerships and incentives for task sharing.
Reference
Carapinha, J. (2008) An Integrated Approach to HIV/AIDS Services in South Africa: Private Pharmacies and Policy Recommendations. Africa Policy Journal, Spring/Summer 2008 Edition. Volume 4. Available at: www.hksafricapolicyjournal.com/issues/volIV/carapinha
Below some positive news about the Gilead effort to ensure that their range of antiretroviral medicines remain affordable during tough economic times.
Best regards, Joao
****
Gilead Sciences Inc. said Friday it joined with statewide AIDS Drug Assistance Programs to help U.S. residents with HIV receive antiretroviral medicines. Foster City-based Gilead (NASAQ:GILD) said budget shortfalls [...]
Below some positive news about the Gilead effort to ensure that their range of antiretroviral medicines remain affordable during tough economic times.
Best regards, Joao
****
Gilead Sciences Inc. said Friday it joined with statewide AIDS Drug Assistance Programs to help U.S. residents with HIV receive antiretroviral medicines. Foster City-based Gilead (NASAQ:GILD) said budget shortfalls across the country are hitting AIDS Drug Assistance Programs, and the company is taking several actions, including additional discounts and extension of pricing freeze for HIV drugs Truvada, Viread and Emtriva through 2013. Gilead is also expanding eligibility for its patient assistance program and eliminating minimum payment requirements through its co-pay assistance program.
Source: Business Journal
World AIDS Day is being marked by the launch of a four-day National Health Fair, where the focus will be on efforts to prevent the spread of HIV in Liberia, and improve the treatment, care and support for people living with HIV. The fair will be held from 1-4 December in Kakata, Margibi County.
With [...]
World AIDS Day is being marked by the launch of a four-day National Health Fair, where the focus will be on efforts to prevent the spread of HIV in Liberia, and improve the treatment, care and support for people living with HIV. The fair will be held from 1-4 December in Kakata, Margibi County.
With the theme “Universal Access and Human Rights,” the 3rd Annual National Health Fair will bring together representatives of the Government of Liberia, international and national non-governmental agencies, donors, community organizations, other partners and health workers. Participants at the health fair will hold discussions on how to prevent the spread of HIV in Liberia, improve health services at the community and national levels, and devise strategies to scale up maternal, newborn and child health.
In Liberia, efforts to respond to HIV, particularly by preventing mother-to-child transmission, are showing positive results, but many children made vulnerable by HIV still struggle to have their basic needs met.
This year’s World AIDS Day and the four-day health fair are being organized by the National AIDS Control Program of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, and the National AIDS Commission, with technical support of the UN Team on AIDS.
Read more here
A senior United Nations (UN) official said here Monday that more needs to be done to ensure that women and girls across sub-Saharan Africa access comprehensive HIV prevention, care and support.
UN Secretary General’s Special Envoy on AIDS in Africa, Elizabeth Mataka said in her message ahead of the World AIDS Day which falls on [...]
A senior United Nations (UN) official said here Monday that more needs to be done to ensure that women and girls across sub-Saharan Africa access comprehensive HIV prevention, care and support.
UN Secretary General’s Special Envoy on AIDS in Africa, Elizabeth Mataka said in her message ahead of the World AIDS Day which falls on December 1 that though the African continent accounted for three quarters of women living with the HIV virus, only a small percentage of them were accessing treatment.
“In 2008, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 91 percent (of the 1.4 million) pregnant women living with HIV worldwide; and a further 61 percent of people living with HIV on the continent. Yet, only 44 percent of the people living with HIV in Africa are able to access antiretroviral treatment, and less than half of HIV positive pregnant women in Africa are receiving medicines to prevent their children from becoming HIV infected,” Mataka said.
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